Background: This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge of sawmill workers on occupational hazards in Kwara State. Subjects and Methods: It was a cross-sectional analytical study using a multi-stage sampling technique to recruit sawmill workers into the study group in Kwara State. One hundred and ninety-six workers who had been in continuous employment in sawmill factories for a minimum of 6 months were studied. Semi-structured questionnaire adapted from British Medical Council questionnaire on occupational hazards was used for data collection. A 15-point scale was used to assess knowledge of respondents by awarding 1 and 0 point to correct and wrong responses, respectively. Respondents with total score of >5, 5-7 and >7 were classified as having poor, fair and good knowledge of occupational hazards. The data generated were entered and analysed using SPSS version 16 computer software. A P > 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant at 95% confidence level for the study. Results: The knowledge of sawmill workers on occupational hazards was low, 61.7% of the respondents had poor knowledge, whereas 15.8% had good knowledge. Half of the respondents knew that exposure to hazards could be reduced by limiting their work hours to a maximum of 8 hours per day. More than three-quarters had experienced noise, closely followed by heat and injuries among the study group. Conclusion: Sawmill workers experience various work-related hazards and health problems. This study revealed the need for an increased knowledge on occupational hazards and its prevention among sawmill workers in Kwara State.

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Background: Most of the available orthopaedic implants were designed and manufactured based on data from Western population whose skeletal dimensions are different from those of Africans. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the value of the neck-shaft angle (NSA) of Nigerians living in Lagos for the purpose of adequate planning, preparation, and pre-operative selection of orthopaedic implants for surgeries involving the femoral neck and stocking of orthopaedic implants in hospitals located in resource poor countries like Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study which involved measuring the NSAs of anterior-posterior views of pelvic radiographs of adult patients reported "normal study" by the radiologist. Results: A total of 264 femoral necks were analysed from 132 patients' radiographs comprising of 68 males and 64 females. The average NSA for an adult Nigerian living in Lagos is 130.77° ± 6.03° with mean NSA value of 131.28° ± 6.56° for the right and 130.22° ± 5.18° for the left. The mean value of NSA for an adult male is 131.57° ± 5.66° whereas the mean value for an adult female is 129.97° ± 6.33°. Conclusion: The value of NSA obtained from this study should be considered during the surgical fixation of the neck of femur fractures or osteotomies around the neck of the femur of adult Nigerians. It should also be noted during designing and bioengineering construction of orthopaedic implants and hip prosthesis for Nigerians.

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Background: Malaria remains a huge national concern in Nigeria with severe implications for maternal and child health. Aims: This study was aimed at investigating factors that influence malaria prevention among women of reproductive age in line with the National Malaria Control objectives. Subjects and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study design and cluster sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Respondents had 'correct' knowledge of malaria if they knew the cause and symptoms of malaria. Otherwise is classified as 'incorrect'. Data were analysed in Epi Info version 7 with the level of statistical significance set at P 0≤ 0.05. Results: Most respondents, 709 (89%) had good knowledge of malaria. Their educational level was significantly associated with this knowledge (χ² = 3.6993, P = 0.0544). There were, however, some myths and misconceptions about malaria. Of 390 (49.3%) that owned insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs), only 59 (18.2%) used them consistently, while only 31 (50%) of the pregnant women received intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp). Malaria knowledge, ITNs ownership and female education were not significantly associated with ITN and IPTp usage. Married women had 3 times higher odds of ITN usage than the unmarried, (odds ratio [OR] = 2.69, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.56-4.62), and women with children had 2 times higher odds of usage than those without (OR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.42-4.12). Conclusions: The use of malaria prevention measures among women of reproductive age is still sub-optimal. We advocate for intensified education of women on malaria in local languages, using role plays and community dialogues. Efforts must also be directed at dispelling myths and misconceptions about malaria for maximum impact.

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Background: Zika virus (ZIKV), a vector-borne virus affecting a large number of people, has today become a major public health concern in the developed and developing countries worldwide. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of ZIKV among dental practitioners residing in Tricity area (Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali), India. Subjects and Methods: A total of 412 private dental practitioners were randomly sampled of whom 254 (61.6%) responded to participate in this cross-sectional survey. A self-structured, closed-ended questionnaire was administered to each participant to record demographic and professional characteristics followed by their knowledge regarding ZIKV. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Version 20 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). The results were expressed in percentages. Multivariable linear regression analysis was carried out to assess the association of participant's demographics and professional characteristics with knowledge. Results: The sample consisted of 152 (59.9%) male and 102 (40.1%) female practitioners. Majority of the practitioners belonged to the age group of 25-34 years (66.1%). High knowledge was reported by only 38.2% of the practitioners. A statistically significant difference was seen when mean knowledge scores were compared with the qualification of the participants (P = 0.04), with postgraduates having more knowledge than graduates regarding ZIKV. Most of the knowledge of the practitioners came from television (37.8%) while journals only represented 4.7% of the total information gained. Conclusion : ZIKV infection, a new public health emergency, needs to be addressed urgently. All health care professionals should have adequate knowledge of the virus and be conversant with necessary precautionary measures to be taken making it imperative that dental practitioners strive to continually update their knowledge from time to time.

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Background: Diarrhoeal disease still remains one of the common causes of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years of age. It is caused notably by the different serotypes of rotavirus. Objectives: To ascertain the prevalence and risk factors for rotavirus diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age seen at Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, and to determine the different serotypes and their relationship with diarrhoea severity. Subjects and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study in which all children under 5 years of age, with diarrhoea had their stool samples tested for rotavirus antigen with enzyme immunoassay. Significant values of variables were determined using t-tests and Chi-square tests as appropriate. Results: One hundred and thirty-two children were studied: 52.3% were males and 46.7% were females. Children 1-11 months of age constitute 49.2%, whereas those 12-59 months were 50.8%. Only 49 (37.1%) children were ELISA positive for rotavirus and of this number, 31 (63.3%) were within 1-11 months of age, P = 0.013. The three most common rotavirus genotypes were G3P[6] in 24.5%, G1P[6] in 12.2% and G12P[8] in 10.2% of the samples, respectively. Duration of vomiting was more prolonged with G3P[6] infection, P = 0.029, whereas dehydration and the overall severity of the diarrhoea were more with G12P[8] infection, P = 0.026 and 0.010, respectively. Conclusion: The emerging G12 rotavirus genotype was isolated in Asaba.

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Schizencephaly is a congenital condition characterized by cerebrospinal fluid-filled clefts that extend from the pia surface of the cerebral hemisphere to the ependymal surface of the ventricle. Magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice for its diagnosis. Very few cases have been described in the literature in this environment. Here, we present an 18-month-old male child who presented in a tertiary hospital in Port Harcourt, Rivers State in Nigeria with 6 months history of recurrent seizures. A cranial MRI done revealed that he had right unilateral opened lip schizencephaly.

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Background: Destructive eye surgeries are terminal treatment modalities for some ophthalmic conditions with psychological, emotional and cosmetic implications, especially for the patients and their relatives. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and indications for destructive eye surgeries at an Eye Centre of a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital with a view to identifying the preventable indications for which appropriate preventive measures could be recommended. Patients and Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study of all patients who underwent evisceration, enucleation or exenteration at the Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital from January 2003 to December 2012 was performed. Their outpatient, ward and theatre records were retrieved and reviewed. Information obtained included age, sex, eye affected, duration of symptoms before presentation, visual acuity of affected eye at diagnosis, indication for surgery and type of destructive surgery. Results: A total of 186 eyes of 185 patients were surgically removed constituting 4.8% of a total of 3866 surgeries performed during the period of study. Children below 16 years accounted for 33.5% of the cases while 30.3% were in their first decade of life. Overall, the most common indication for destructive eye surgery was trauma (36.2%) followed by tumour (27.6%) and ocular infection (18.4%). However, tumour (73.2%) was the most common indication in the first decade of life with retinoblastoma accounting for 92.7% of these. Conclusion: Ocular trauma, tumour and infection were the most common indications for destructive eye surgery in this centre.

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Aims: Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly of the urethra and phallus, which is not life threatening. It is thus less prioritised in a resource-limited setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of hypospadias by our paediatric surgery unit and determine the factors affecting the delay between presentation and surgical repair while proffering possible solutions to such delay in hypospadias repair surgery. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective review of all hypospadias repair surgeries carried out by our paediatric surgery unit over a 38-month period, evaluating the period between presentation and first surgery for each patient. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Released 2011, Armonk, NY, USA). Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables and P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In 38 months, 47 operations for hypospadias were carried out on 42 boys. Thirty-seven patients (88.1%) had >3 months delay to surgery. The most frequent contributory factor to delay was unavailable theatre space (13 patients, 31%). Surgical outcome was good in only 16 patients (44%). Of the 16 patients with good outcome, 10 (63%) were operated between the ages of 2-4 years (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Multiple factors are responsible for delays in carrying out hypospadias surgery in resource-limited environments, notably securing a functional operating theatre suite in the light of more urgent conditions. To combat these delays, we recommend having dedicated hypospadias repair sessions and surgeons dedicated to hypospadias repair. Hypospadias outreach camps are also proposed.

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Background: It is occasionally difficult to distinguish the stellate reticulum-like region of ameloblastoma from the fibrous connective tissue stroma. This difficulty is further pronounced in the plexiform variant of ameloblastoma that has very sparse fibrous connective tissue. Aim: To test the utility of Azan trichrome stain in marking tumour regions and the peri-tumour environment of ameloblastoma. Materials and Methods: Sections were prepared for 18 formalin fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of ameloblastoma cases and stained with Azan trichrome stain according to the manufacturer's specification. Results and Conclusions: The tumour areas were stained mostly brown, with the ameloblasts mainly marked as deep brown while the stellate reticulum-like region was light brown. The structures in the peri-tumour region were marked with different shades of blue. Azan trichrome staining was able to distinguish between the fibrous connective tissue and the stellate reticulum-like areas in 100% of the cases.

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Teratomas are tumours composed of tissues originating from at least two of the three primitive germ layers, i.e., ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. A dermoid cyst, commonly known as benign cystic teratoma is a histological variant containing epidermis and its derivative (sebaceous material) within a lining of squamous epithelium. Mediastinum is the most common extragonadal site for germ cell tumours including mature teratomas. However, pleural effusion secondary to rupture of benign germ cell tumour is quite a rarity and the nature of pleural effusion in such ruptured cases has not been discussed in detail in literatures. Here, we are presenting a case of mature cystic teratoma coexistent with pleural effusion which is quite an uncommon entity making this case quite an interesting learning curve.

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